Author: R. Al-Samadi
Abstract
Stringent environmental regulations affecting the quantity and quality of allowable aqueous discharges to receiving waters have led to serious technical and economic challenges for Industry. In many cases, manufacturing plants are located in remote sites where water bodies are simply not available to receive discharges. These challenges have led to the development and evolution of a number of water treatment technologies which could realize the "zero liquid discharge" objective at an ever-decreasing overall water treatment cost. This paper provides an overview of some of these promising technologies, including membrane filtration, ion exchange and evaporation and their integration in order to solve difficult water recycling and product recovery problems in the metal industry.
